Neorealism and its Approach in International Relations an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Main Features of Neorealism and Weaknesses by Expert Tutor Maya | 04 Nov 2016 Strengths and Weaknesses Essay The amplification of the school of neorealism in the science of international relations occurred at the end of the previous century. The term itself reflects the desire of a number of American theorists of political science to preserve the advantages of the classical tradition and, at the same time, to enrich it, taking into account the new transborder realities and the achievements of other theoretical currents. Kenneth Waltz was the main its developer. Need essay sample on "Main Features of Neorealism and Weaknesses" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Insisting that in any of its theoretical constructs the researcher of interethnic binding should proceed from the integrity of the world, from the existence of a global system, and not separate realms that are its elements, Waltz makes a certain step towards rapprochement with transnationalism. Defending the main points of political realism (the "natural realm" of transborder binding, the rationality in the actions of the main actors, the national interest as their main motive, the security dilemma, the desire for possession of power), Waltz at the same time criticizes his predecessors for failing to create a theory of interethnic politics as an autonomous discipline. Our Customers Frequently Tell EssayLab writers: I'm not in the mood to write my assignment. But I don't have the time Professional writers advise: Get Your Writing Helper According to Waltz, neorealism begins with the following statement. The theory of transborder relations and world politics is not the same thing. Unlike the canonical realism, neorealism is not inclined to interpret world politics as a kind of total resultant external politicians; it is based on the abstraction of the political sphere from other spheres of interethnic binding. Neorealism abstracts the political sphere from other spheres of transborder relations. In this way, it gets more opportunities both for analyzing the current and for forecasting the expected. Neorealism has its own approach. It studies an interethnic politics as a coherent system functioning in accordance with certain laws. Depending on what causes of conflict researchers consider the main, all studies of transborder binding and, in particular, armed contradiction is compiled into three groups. A person is in the center of the initial one. The representatives of the second group argue that the crucial cause is the style of government in the country. The third group identifies the causes of the systemic property. Waltz believes that, with all their merits, the initial two approaches are reductive and cannot lead to the identification of genuine causes of conflict, and therefore, to help develop ways to prevent or overcome them. Only the third, systemic approach can be fruitful in this respect. At the same time, in the opinion of Kenneth Waltz, the systemic nature of interethnic relations is conditioned not by the cooperating realm actors, it results not from features inherent in the realms, determined by geographical position, demographic potential, socio-cultural specifics, etc. (although the significance of such features should not be denied), but from the properties of the frame of the transborder system. As a consequence of the interaction of interethnic actors, the frame of the transborder system is not reduced to a simple sum but is an independent phenomenon capable of imposing certain restrictions on realms, or, on the contrary, to provide them with favorable opportunities on the world stage. The main thing is that it is the structural features of the interethnic system that explain the discrepancies between goals and results in the foreign policy activity of realms. Nevertheless, the realms behave very similarly in similar transborder situations. Waltz comes to the conclusion that there is a correlation between the foreign policy behavior of realms and the so-called systemic tension. Thus, the main explanation of realm behavior in interaction with other realms is transferred to the level of the interethnic frame. The frame itself is defined as a set of coercive conditions and constraints. Therefore, the proper understanding and, accordingly, the forecasting of transborder politics (as well as the planning of the realm's foreign policy line) depend on the accuracy of determining the totality of these coercions. Waltz limits this set to three elements: the leading principle (the anarchy of interethnic binding), the allotment of the aptitudes of the actors (corresponding to their strength) and the functional differentiation (the differences between subjects regarding internal political views). References Baylis, J, and Smith, S, 2001, The Globalization of World Politics, New York: Oxford University Press Best, A and Hanhimaki, J M, 2008, International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond,New York: Routledge Brown, M. E, 1998, Theories of war and peace, Massachusetts: MIT Press, Erdem, E. I, 2004, Power and Identity in Flux: American Policy towards the Middle East. Turkish Journal of International Relations, Vol.3, No.4, 132-49 Harvey, D ,2005, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, New York: Oxford University Press Jackson and Sorensen, 2007, Introduction to international relations: theories and approaches.New York: Oxford University Press

Free Essays on Participative Management

Participative management is a new approach in the work force today. Job enrichment, quality circles, and self-managing work teams are just some of the approaches. Companies share a common goal of increasing employee involvement. They want to raise the quality, performance, and productivity of their workers. The questions that follow will be answered in this paper. What is participative management? What are the advantages of participative management? How does it raise quality, productivity, and performance? How can it be successfully started, implemented, and sustained? What are the results of experiments done in the work force? Participative management is a process by which a company attempts to increase the potential of its employees by involving them in decisions affecting their work lives. A distinguishing characteristic of the process is that its goals are not simply acquired, they focus on the improvement of productivity and efficiency, but they are also fulfilling and self-enhancing in themselves. The key goals of employee involvement programs is to enhance the quality of the employees’ working life, management must be responsive to the requests of the employees. The best way to ascertain those requests is to ask employees. If workers can be motivated and given the opportunity to participate in the search for improved methods of job performance, and if this motivation and participation can be maintained over time, job performance should improve. Productivity is higher in companies with an organized program of worker participation. Employee participation can and does raise productivity. The most appropriate form will vary from company to company but participation works only when both parties want it to work. The solution to America’s pathetic productivity growth isn’t necessarily more capital spending (Lewis & Renn, 1992). People tend to accomplish what they decide they want to accomplish. Ideas, changes... Free Essays on Participative Management Free Essays on Participative Management Participative management is a new approach in the work force today. Job enrichment, quality circles, and self-managing work teams are just some of the approaches. Companies share a common goal of increasing employee involvement. They want to raise the quality, performance, and productivity of their workers. The questions that follow will be answered in this paper. What is participative management? What are the advantages of participative management? How does it raise quality, productivity, and performance? How can it be successfully started, implemented, and sustained? What are the results of experiments done in the work force? Participative management is a process by which a company attempts to increase the potential of its employees by involving them in decisions affecting their work lives. A distinguishing characteristic of the process is that its goals are not simply acquired, they focus on the improvement of productivity and efficiency, but they are also fulfilling and self-enhancing in themselves. The key goals of employee involvement programs is to enhance the quality of the employees’ working life, management must be responsive to the requests of the employees. The best way to ascertain those requests is to ask employees. If workers can be motivated and given the opportunity to participate in the search for improved methods of job performance, and if this motivation and participation can be maintained over time, job performance should improve. Productivity is higher in companies with an organized program of worker participation. Employee participation can and does raise productivity. The most appropriate form will vary from company to company but participation works only when both parties want it to work. The solution to America’s pathetic productivity growth isn’t necessarily more capital spending (Lewis & Renn, 1992). People tend to accomplish what they decide they want to accomplish. Ideas, changes...

The monetary and fiscal policy implemented in the United States during Essay

The monetary and fiscal policy implemented in the United States during the Great Recession and determine the short run and long - Essay Example These subjects affect all players in the economy. In addition, some concepts will be explored and discussed in relation with the depression. II. Crowding Out The concept of crowding out pertains to the increase in government borrowing leading to reduction in consumption and investments (Blanchard, 2008). When the government decides to bolster spending, the best ways to raise funds are increased taxes and borrowing. In periods when depression is imminent, raising taxes is not a practical strategy. Government will have a hard time convincing the labour force to pay more taxes when community prices continue to rise and jobs become hard to maintain. The logical approach for the government to raise funds is to borrow through treasury bills, sovereign bonds and loans. The proceeds from these activities can used to pump the economy and stabilise spending among all entities. The immediate impact of crowding out can be observed in the investments. When the government borrows, there is a possi bility that the interest rates will increase. As interest rates go up, the capacity of private investors to borrow decreases. High interest rates discourage investors to venture in activities that require massive funding. Aside from increasing the interest rate, government borrowing also create problems for companies to borrow from other channels. For instance, when a sovereign bond and a corporate bond are floated debt investors will have to decide which investment would sense (Blanchard, 2008). Governments compete with companies for funds and such hampers any expansion firms have in their pipeline. Some economists would argue that government borrowing is critical during times of depression. The inability of the private sector to sustain growth creates problems for the government (Spencer and Yohe, 1970). Long-term effects of crowding out appear to be beneficial in many ways. More funds in the public sector means spending for infrastructure and other aspects that could aid business es. Also, the government could start handing out jobs to individuals affected by companies filing for bankruptcy and downsizing firms. When used the right way, government borrowing can fuel lagging economies and facilitate the revival of private investments and consumption. III. Ricardian Equivalence Theory The main proponents of the Ricardian Equivalence theory suggest that consumer will not change even if the government decides to increase taxes. The theory also states that the method in which governments finance their spending has to impact on the overall demand in the market (Barro, 1979). In times of recession and even especially during depression, governments are pressured to spend more. Since businesses start to slow down and consumer spending could also lag, revenue from taxes is expected to be reduced. To cover for the possible budget deficit governments could resort to borrow from available channels. Even if the borrowings will continue to rise, the level of consumption an d overall demand will remain the same. According to Buchanan (1976), however, there are several aspects that were not considered when the theory was formulated. There is a difference in perspectives when dealing with borrowing and raising taxes. In addition, the promoters of the theory failed to recognise the varying opinion of the consumers when taxes are increased. Some households value their savings and considered their extra assets as insurance for their families’

Marketing managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing managment - Essay Example Volkswagen also works in helping the consumers gain loan from leading banks along with delivering several insurance products in regards to the purchase of automobiles. The major brands of Volkswagen AG are like Audi, Skoda, Bentley and others through which the company endeavours to gain a global market. During 31st December 2009 the company through the operation of its premier brands was able to achieve a sales figure of around 4 million automobiles on a global scale. The company is also endeavouring to takeover premium brands like Scania AB and Porsche to help expand its business operation (Volkswagen AG, 2011). The company on a global scale reflects a significant position in the automobile industry by conducting sales of around 6.2 million automobiles during 2007. In regards to market share the company accounted for around 9.8 percent share in the global car market. The marketing strategy taken by Volkswagen endeavours to create a market niche for the major nine brands of the compa ny. Market for the cars for Volkswagen varies along a scale from low to higher value Sedans (Group Portrait, 2011). The micro environmental analysis of the company can be conducted based on specific strategic tools like Porter’s Five Forces Model. The Porter’s Five Forces Model helps in understanding the position of the company in the light of the potential of the consumer and supplier base. Further the tool also focuses on the competitive position of the company in the market. It endeavours to understand the policy framework of the company to counter the threats from the competitive world. Having focused on the different internal stakeholders like suppliers, consumers, the competitor base of the company and also on the internal policy system the analysis further proceeds to signify the threat of the existence of substitute products. Consumer Potential-In regards to meeting the demands of the consumers the company focuses on continuously evolving to usher in new models

Webquest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Webquest - Essay Example The interest in â€Å"green â€Å"spaces of the interiors of the building where sustainability is reached adds more to the enhancement. A central idea devoted to environmental preservation is important. By bring this interest in sustainability into one’s design, provides for the necessity to be socially responsible for the upkeep of the buildings’ spaces. 1. Materials in Interior Design –. Top-interior-designs.com/materials-in-interior-design; www.interiordesignersla.com/interior-design-materials. This website basically gives a variety of interior designs ranging from cars to houses. It has got numerous illustrations in terms of pictures and offers even an encyclopedia for interior design. It also gives a wealth of materials used in interior designing as well as suitable ones for finishes. There are also a lot of references including interior design schools. 2. Interior Design speciï ¬ cations-this covers interior materials and ï ¬ nishes; lighting, barrier-free, and computer; www.amazon.com/Interior-Design-Materials-Specifications there are various books on interior design and they usually cover all the information that is important as far as planning and execution of interior design projects of all sizes and shapes are concerned. Some books such as The Interior Design Reference Specification Book contain interviews with top practitioners drawn from across the wide field of interior design. 3. Color and materials in interiors design - top-interior-designs.com/color-and-materials-in, A ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling. Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline, List of materials used for interior design - The Q&A wiki; wiki.answers.com/Q/...of_materials_used_for_interior_design A variety of colors exist and this website will equip learners with knowledge to choose interior finishes, textiles as well as materials for that are appropriate to fit the requirements of a

Movement Techniques In Casablanca Film Studies Essay

Movement Techniques In Casablanca Film Studies Essay Casablanca, the movie which was presented in 1943, was written by Murray Burnett and Joan Alison and was directed by Michael Curtiz. Its an American romantic drama black and white movie by Hollywood. As for the awards that Casablanca won; it won three academy awards. It was and has always been up till now one of the most excellent films ever and had a complete accomplishment. Mainly the film is about a man who is cut out between his love and his good quality manner feature. The dilemma was that he had to pick one of the two hard choices. Its either he choose to be with the love of his life and help her out or to help her husband to get away from the Moroccan city (Casablanca) to carry on with his fight against the Nazis. Rick Blaine (Humphrey Bogart) owns a nightclub in Casablanca, the city, called Ricks Cafà © Amà ©ricain. While the World War II was on, this cafe was like a home for all refugees who are trying to escape to America, they were obtaining illegal letters for that getaway. Shockingly, one day Rick came across the well-known revolt Victor Laszlo (Paul Henreid) and his wife, Ilsa (Ingrid Bergman), which was the woman he used to love before she left him behind when the Nazis attacked Paris. Ilsa begin again to love Rick and wants to stay with him in Casablanca, but she also wants Victor to escape to America. So she made Rick decide, and by tha t was the story of the film. The Movement Technique: Movement in filmmaking is a very important yet hard technique to achieve. Therefore, its not about what happens in a scene; rather its about how to show what is happening in the scene. There are many different ways to apply movement techniques in a film. An excellent director will want to show how indicative and significant are the movements in a dramatic scene for instance. And how can he/she make the scene effective by using the right form of movements to display and demonstrate the idea (Giannetti, 2010). Any film that doesnt use movement techniques is subjected to be static. Nevertheless, movement doesnt mean drama. There are many action movies that consists movements without having drama thread. Moreover, it is  a matter of the least possible means having the greatest effect so that when violent movement is at last triggered off, it has the desired effect. (Foss, 1992). Camera Movements: Camera movements have two major types: movements that follow a moving subject and the ones that are not detected by movements on the plane of actions. The first kind is mainly about following the dramatic action. On the contrary, the second kind has a significant function; where a connection is made between the items and the events. Each film has a different number of camera movements; that relies upon the time between the cuts in the movie. The shorter the time between the cuts, the fewer camera movements are needed and vice versa. Tracking is a form of camera movements, which has an extremely enormous control to generate feel and atmosphere. Zooming and tracking in are slightly different than one another. Tracking pulls the watcher into the picture in a manner that feels nearly physical and raise the sense of presence and realism. Zooming simply brings out the detail and raises the sense that the director is playing for effects. Another approach of raising the feeling of realism in a movie is to use hand-held camera. It is frequently used to do documentary films and it gives the watcher the illusion of looking at the reality (Foss, 1992). Camera movement is one of the main techniques any filmmaker should study and know really well in order to be able to produce a successful movie. People tend to remember what happens in a general scene more, so using different kinds of camera movement techniques in doing a film correctly will probably help more in making a better movie. In any movie, the director usually moves the camera during all the scenes for many different reasons. Camera movements could most likely means emphasizing on whats happening in the scene or might be to catch people attention for the coming up scene. The director can use a lot of methods such as: long shots, slow-paced action, or high angles to stress a movement. Camera movements could be: smooth, choppy, lyrical, or disorienting. Besides, the movements in a scene possibly will be: naturalistic, stylized, literal, or symbolic (Giannetti, 2010). Camera Angle: Composition can be influenced by the angle of the shot. Cameras can be placed over or underneath the scene, to either produce high-angle-shot or a low-angle-shot. Usually, the shot that is looking down weakens the character (the object). On the contrary, the shot that is likely to be appearing upwards emphasizes the authority or control of the subject or character. The framing of a shot could be directed by the degree to which the framing is level with the horizon. Both the high angle and low angle shots are resulting from the context of the film, and not from the dictionary of camera aesthetics (Gross Ward, 2007). Cinematic Techniques: The fundamentals of cinematic techniques are pan, tilt, and dolly. First, Pan: is the horizontal movement of a camera, it looks through an absolutely broad landscape which doesnt fit a regular camera border. Second, Tilt: is the vertical movement of a camera, by pivoting up and down. Those two techniques are referred to as re-framing the shot and are usually used to track the characters in the movement of action. Finally, Dolly: is the way the camera usually moves normally horizontally throughout the space. Another camera technique is: pulling focus; which is basically a normal technique that applies looking at items that are in diverse ranges. Focal length of a camera is mainly the zoom of the cameras lenses. Zoom, an unnatural technique which is probably used to make effects, is the move of a framework from a wide shot to a close up without moving the camera. There are two types of zooming: slow zoom and fast zoom. The shift from one picture to another in filmmaking is called trans ition. For example: cut is the easiest method of transitions, which are regularly used to have harsh jumps in the moment and on space. There are three main types of transitions. First: dissolve layer, which is used to have soft transition, is having the new picture over the old one by raising the darkness of the old one until the transition is done. Second: fades, which is a type of explosive transition, usually starts and ends the scenes by shifting the colored screen or the picture gradually to a color. Finally: effects transitions are the structure of transmitting an image into another one. Some general framing expressions that could be relevant to either characters or objects are: master shot, full shot, medium shot, medium close up, close up, and an extreme close up (Vineyard). Applying the Movement technique in the movie (Casablanca): At the start of the movie, there was a scene that starts right after the sound of the two German messengers who were killed as they were carrying letters to transfer the MacGuffin of Casablanca. We can see how the police arrested some suspicious characters who were on the street. One of those people where a man who had papers which were not in order, so he tried to escape from the police, but was shot and killed right away. The police officer bends down to the man to look at those papers that were compressed in his hands, then passes them to the other police officer and also closer to the camera so that people can see, the papers showed that the man was a free France propaganda. We can notice how the camera had a close-up to the police officers hand when he was holding the papers. The papers were also on a slope of the camera, where the police cannot see them as well as we (watchers) do. That scene indicates how important it is to keep in mind the relation between the characters in t he movie and the film viewers, who are watching the movie, who are the most important ones in this case. Another scene in Casablanca demonstrates Ricks Cafà © Amà ©ricain, the shot at first shows the cafà © as a whole and then the shot transfers to be only towards people who are in the cafà © talking about escaping to America. Next, the image goes to a woman who was asking about Rick. After that, a man goes up to Rick asking him to sign an empty check, then the camera takes a closer shot at Rick while he is signing the check and then another closer shot at Rick himself. This shot emphasizes that Rick is the main character and the owner of the cafà ©. In one of the scenes of Casablanca, right after the flash from the past of Paris, Ilsa (Ingrid Bergman) where talking with Rick when she first moved to Casablanca. The following shot of the movie had a right to left camera movement from the image of Ricks face to the image of his hands, when they were tipping above the glass. The next shot was also a camera movement but here it was from the left side to the right side, where the camera was following the small walk till the right border of the frame of Sam (Dooley Wilsons). Hence, in the middle of that shot there was an open space between Sam and Rick. The set of this scene had a door that was framed by the vaulted roof which is a double aperture framing. After that, the director prepares the watcher with a visual staging when Ilsa enters the room. Immediately before she enters, the shot was on the object that was centered in front of Rick which was the bottle; he removes the bottle to pour a drink for himself thus making a clear view of the entrance. In this scene, the aim of the director of the movie was to transfer peoples attention to the entrance of the other character. Then, with having a musical background sound, Rick and Sam looks at the door while the shot was gloomy right away before Ilsa enters. After she has entered, the lighting stresses how she is enclosed with the door. How this (movement technique) was closely connected to another technique: Although, Casablanca is a striking example of the movement technique used in the film, cinematography technique had also a huge great part of the movie. The central concentration and all the focus of attention was directed to Ilsa (Ingrid Bergman). Most of the shots were taken from her left side with a catch lights, so that her eyes can look like they are shining and mainly the entire propose was to make her face looks gloomy, gentle, and unforgettable. As for the rest of the characters and the setting, bars of shade and darkness were indicating isolation. Moreover, the crucifix, which is the cross with Jesus body, is a symbol of emotional confusion and of the free French forces; which were the French soldiers during the WWII who agreed to carry on the fight and never give up. In nearly all of the scenes, mostly at the last part there was a dim film noir; which stresses the sexual desire and cynical behavior. All of those kinds of lighting equipments and shadow shades that were used in the film were classic ones. Also, the way of applying the background surroundings as a frame of the scenes made the film seems more professional (Kemp). Conclusion: In conclusion, movement techniques usually try to emphasize an important point of the movie to the audience in an indirect way. Moreover, some close-ups and pauses in a film mean that the film director is trying to highlight some major and valuable concepts of the movie. Successful filmmakers use movement techniques correctly and effectively in a film. Word Count: 1956

How businesses develop :: Business and Management Studies:

How businesses develop The aim of this report is to produce a portfolio based on an investigation of two contrasting businesses. I have chosen two different companies for my report. It will include a description of type of ownership and the different liabilities of owners. A description off different industrial sectors and currant UK trends in their growth or decline. Description of business activities and current UK trends in their growth or decline. The reason for the location of each business. A Description of the influence of each stakeholder on each business. Of my chosen businesses. Type of owner ship The large company I have chosen is Tesco the reason I chose Tesco is it’s a very successfully growing large company. Tesco is public limited company (PLC) (Means that any one can be shareholder) Public limited companies are the largest type of privately owned enterprise in the UK. A PLC has power to rise large amount of capital, through selling it’s shares to the public. A Public Limited Company can sell its shares on the Stock Market, the owners of a Limited Company are not involved in the running of the business, unless they have been elected to the Board of Directors This means it can develop the business more easily then private limited company, sole trader. It can also benefit from being a large-size organization. It will be able to buy in bulk, and specialise. Tesco sells Groceries, cloths, CDs, videos, DVDs, books, Computer Games, Electricals, school equipment, Wines and other alcohol drinks. Tesco is currently the leading supermarket in uk. Tesco as a pretty good Competition from other supermarkets such as Sainsbury, Safeway. But Tesco is cheaper then most of the other supermarkets and they offers lot more products. Recoding to Tosco’ on average Sainsbury's are 4% more expensive than Tesco and Safeway are 10% more expensive than Tesco. There are more then 700-plus stores and many distribution centres are located in United Kingdom. They have several office sites in the UK and Ireland, where there key support functions are based. The majority of office staff is based in Hertfordshire. Tesco has been operating on an international basis for long time, anticipating the need to become a major retail name in key regions, they moved into central Europe, where they have a strong presence in Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic and the dynamic Asian market. Been a PLC Tesco has advantages such as have limited liability, enjoy maximum continuity, can raise large sums of capital, large size enable them to enjoy economies of scale' such as being able to buy supplies in bulk and they find it easy to borrow money then smaller businesses

How accuracy may be ensured in techniques used Essay

M1: Explain how accuracy may be ensured in the techniques used Cynthia Nzeh Task 1 1) Discuss how your choice of equipment and how it affected the accuracy of your method. Discuss good volumetric technique. 2) Calculate the apparatus error for the method used. 3) Given the value calculated by the senior technician calculate your error and comment on this error in relation to the apparatus error of the method. In the titration, I used these available instruments to ensure my results would be as accurate as possible. Volumetric burette: This instrument was filled with the sodium hydroxide solution that would be gradually added to the vinegar solution. The burette was used instead of a measuring cylinder as it gives a finer volume reading. It has a tap which enables the user to quickly and easily stop the amount of sodium hydroxide solution that pours out. However using a piston burette instead of a volumetric burette may have increased the chances of gaining more accurate results. This is because the piston burette delivers precision bore and plunger. White tile: The tile was used to be able to observe the colour change of the solution in the conical flask better. By placing the white tile it allowed us to see the colour change more easily and quickly therefore increasing our chances of closing the burette tap on time and giving us closer and possibly more accurate results. If non clear paper was used or no paper at all, the colour change of the solution would not have been spotted as quickly therefore increasing the time taken to close the burette tap to stop sodium hydroxide being added to the vinegar solution. The increase of sodium hydroxide solution would mean that the results obtained would not be the accurate or close to the accurate value. Funnel: This piece of equipment was added to the top of the burette and it was used to channel the sodium hydroxide solution into the burette. The mouth of the burette was too small to pour the sodium hydroxide solution in safely so the plastic funnel was used to prevent any spillage of the solution and enabled the sodium hydroxide solution to be poured into the  burette with precision and no spillage. A disposable paper funnel would not have been an appropriate piece of equipment to use, this is because the paper funnel would have absorbed some of the correctly measured sodium hydroxide solution (liquid) and changed the total volume of the sodium hydroxide going into the burette. The funnel is then removed before the titration takes place; this is to prevent any extra droplets, of the solution remaining in the funnel, to be added to the solution as it could affect the overall volume in the burette. Conical flask: The conical flask was used to store the vinegar with drops of phenolphthalein before sodium hydroxide was added to the solution through the burette. A conical flask was the most ideal piece of equipment to use. The narrow head minimises the risk of splashes from the flask, this means that the solution remains in the flask and does not come into contact with experimenter. Using a conical flask over a beaker is more ideal. This is due to the fact that a beaker has a wide open mouth which means that solutions can splash out when poured in. Also, the shape of the instrument make it is easier to swirl the contents of the flask. Bulb pipette (and filler): This instrument was used to measure out 25.0cm3 of sodium hydroxide to be added to the conical flask. There is a line of meniscus which indicates where the volume should be, this makes the pipette produce an accurate 25.0 volume. The pipette has a narrow portion which slows down the speed at which the solution gets drawn up. This enables the volume to be more accurate as it is easier and quicker to stop the pipette drawing up more of the solution after drawing up the desired amount. A measuring cylinder may have also been used and may be more ideal than the bulb pipette. This is due to the fact that it has a measuring scale and the amount poured into the instrument is more controlled compared to the bulb pipette as this only has one line of measurement and it is tricky to get a solution to fall on the line of the meniscus. Good Volumetric Techniques To achieve a good volumetric technique, the experimenter needs to be able to correctly complete certain procedures. Before beginning an experiment, it is good to calibrate any equipment that needs calibration. This ensures that results obtain will be as accurate as possible or as near to the true value. All equipment should be inspected to ensure that there are no chips, cracks or general damage to the equipment as these could cause problems during the experiment which could affect the overall results gained. Equipment such as burettes, pipettes, flasks and beakers must be rinsed with distilled water to get rid of any impurities in the equipment. If solutions are to be poured in any piece of equipment then the equipment should also be rinsed out with the solution being used, this will maintain the pH level in the instrument. Once a solution is transferred from the pipette to the flask, touching the tip of the pipette on the side of the flask will drain any extra drops that may still remain on the tip of the pipette. When filling up the burette it is important that a funnel is used, however as the solution reaches the 0 mark it is ideal that the funnel be removed and a pipette used instead to reach the 0 mark, this is to achieve greater precision. During the experiment, it is important to swirl the flask continuously with one hand whilst the other hand opens and closes the tap of the burette, this allows the solution to mix well enough for the colour change to be observed quicker. The titrant should be added in drop by drop as it reaches the endpoint as it prevents too much of the solution in the burette to be added to the solution in the conical flask. Also, the tap should be shut properly to prevent any extra unwanted solution from pouring out. The burette and pipette must be read at eye level to gain the actual result. To ensure reliability, the experiment should be repeated until a concordance between two results is acquired. Apparatus error To calculate the apparatus error the equation is: Maximum error Measure Value 25cm3 pipette = ( ± 0.1cm3 à · 25) x 100 = 0.4 Burette = ( ± 0.15cm à · 22.75) x 100 = 0.66 Mass Balance = (0.01 à · 4.05) x 100 = 0.25 Volumetric flask = (0.1 à · 200) x 100 = 0.05 = 1.36% apparatus error Experimental error = 100 x (real answer – experiment answer) Real answer 100 x (0.056 – 0.0546) 0.056 100 x 0.0014 = 2.5% 0.056 The experimental error is greater than the apparatus error. This could have been down to a number of different factors. Too much sodium hydroxide may have been added to the solution which could have changed the volume of sodium hydroxide used. The burette could have been read wrong and not at the same eye level or from the bottom of the meniscus line. These faults may have been the cause of the experimental error or they may have added to the experimental error and this is why the experimental error is much greater than the apparatus error. Task 2 & 3 There were certain procedures done in order to ensure the results obtained would be as accurate as possible. Flame test Before beginning the experiment, the wire loop is dipped into dilute hydrochloric acid then held in a Bunsen burner flame. This is to get rid of any residue remaining of the loop. Each test tube was correctly labelled to avoid a mix up. The solutions where look at behind a white background, this was to enable the correct colour to be identified easier. Different instruments for different solution were used. Food test For this test it was important to keep the amount of food samples used equal for each food group. The food samples were placed in separate pellets to avoid cross contamination between the foods. Each test tube was correct labelled to avoid a mix up. Equal drops of indicators were added to each food sample. Sources http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/courses/wpmu/chem0011/files/2010/06/Lab8-Introduction-to-Volumetric-Techniques-I.pdf http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Quantitative_Analysis/Titration http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=363038 http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_do_you_calculate_percentage_error_for_equipment http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group1/flametests.html

Turkey and the European Union †Political Science

Turkey and the European Union – Political Science Free Online Research Papers Turkey and the European Union Political Science In this essay we are going to argue against the admission of Turkey to the European Union. We shall start with introducing the Turkish country itself, and then move on to its economy and the other states’ influence in Turkey. Furthermore, our work concentrates on reforms that are supposed to be done by this time and mainly on human rights. Since the issue of human rights is extremely broad, we decided to divide it in three parts – the Kurdish rights in general, the issue of Cyprus without the border that divides the island to two parts and the Armenian genocide problem. Let us start with the geographical position. Turkey neighbors with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq and Syria. The modern Turkish state was founded in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal –â€Å"Ataturk†-â€Å"Father of all the Turks† after the defeat of remnants of the Ottoman Empire. The first regime was based on only one party and it might be considered authoritarian. After the opposition party was created and won the election, the democracy has suffered a hard blow. There have been several military coups and the result was only one: the Turkish people lost their democracy. Cyp rus has been taken over by the Turkish military and the insurgency of the Kurds has begun. Now the government says that it is trying to pass certain reforms that would allow Turkey to enter the European Union and reinforce democracy in the state. The Turkish government is officially democratic and its civil system is very similar to other European countries, but the culture of the country is more middle eastern. Turkey is also a member of the European Court of Human Rights, which we are finding quite hypocritical because of the country’s attitude towards the Kurds. Turkish economy is also composed out of many models seen around the world. It is necessary to say that there should be established a market system very soon as another thing that had to be done long time ago. The statistics may show that the economy is on the rise and the EU is going only to benefit out of Turkey’s membership. That might be not true entirely. The unemployment rate is 9.3 % and the underemployment is 4.0 %. Besides that, Turkey is in a quite high debt, whole 15.3 billion USD. These are very high numbers compared to the other countries of the EU. Out of this we can conclude that many people live in poverty. In 2003 it was whole 28.1% o f the population who lived below the food and non-food poverty line. Turkey is ranked on the index of Human Development with number 94. Countries like the United Kingdom and Germany have the HDI at 15 and 20. Just for the comparison it is important to note that even Cyprus has the HDI at 29. The other great issue in Turkish government and businesses is a corruption. According to a research done by Transparency International, Turkey has a CPI Score (relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people and country analysts and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and 0 (highly corrupt)) of 3.5. Taken into account that the Slovenia’s CPI is at 6.1 must explain that Turkey is highly disadvantaged compared to other candidate countries. Out of that difference we can presume that the level of corruption is going to rise in the European Union which is absolutely undesirable. Based on the facts and statistical reasoning discussed above, it is very probable that Tu rkey will not be a valid member of the Union; neither will it boost the economy of the EU. Shall we take a look at the international relations; we can see that this country has many links towards the United States. The U.S. gave and loaned 12.5 billion dollars for the economic aid and more than 14 billion dollars for the military. This also indicates that Turkey is emphasizing more military than peaceful solutions. That should not be the case of a country that wants to join the union of states that value diplomacy and negotiation the most. Turkey has many business contracts with the U.S. and is also the third export partner for them. Most of these economical ties were formed during the Cold War when Turkey was a country nearest to the communist block. The influence of the United States is very powerful there and we were able to find out about it during the war on Iraq when the Turks did not want to allow the U.S. troops to deploy in their country but later on they reconsidered and let the Americans to establish their bases in Turkey. There is no debate that there were some economic sanctions in the background. The weight owner of turkey is its people.70 millions people constantly in increase due to a high natality which is 2.2 kids per women which is the highest in all Europe. According to researches, by 2020 turkey should be inhabited by 85 million people. Since it is programmed that turkey will enter the European union in 2015 it will be the most populated country of Europe, followed by the german population in second place with 82 million. In consequence to that number Ankara will send 95 deputies to the European parliament, which will be the maximum number allowed by the Future Constitution, so Turkey will have the majority of votes estimated by 15%, followed by Germany having 14% and France having 12 % of the votes. Another consequence for the Turkish adhesion to the European Union is: immigration. According to the numbers of the European Union, between 500 000 and 4.4 million Turks could emigrate to Germany, Austria, Holland and France to join their 4 million relatives already living in the EU. Even if the free circulation of workers and employees is one of the reasons of the foundation of the EU, can the EU really let the Turkish people in to an entity where most likely they will be treated as citizens of a second degree zone without some serious alterations in its laws? Since 1992, Ankara has shown big interest in the originally Turkish speaking republics newly separated of the ex USSR : Azerbaidjan,Kazakhstan, Kirghistan ,Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, immediately recognized their independence and helped them to enter the international and regional organizations, with the dream of one day reforming the BIG TURKEY. The first step was the creation of the Tika ( Turkish International cooperation agency) as a part of the Ministry of foreign affairs, with the function of promoting the Turkish model and the cultural cooperation through numerous projects like the establishment of a language and an alphabet common for all the Turkish speaking countries, student exchange and the support of media and communicational projects which means that Turkey admits the double nationality of the citizens of these countries and would accord it to anyone who demands it. And there is no doubt that these citizens will claim their Turkish citizenship if it was a part of the E uropean Union. These countries have a total of 60 million people, were ruled during 70 years by communism and profoundly integrated in Islam and to whom the Copenhagen Criteria are just as understandable as Quantum physics. This would be an enormous shock to the EU. One more problem arising with turkey entering the EU is the Cyprus matter. Despite the Nicosian international pressure and threats to put its veto against the Turkish integration to the EU, Turkey still does not recognize the Greek part of Cyprus as an independent European country. How can a country be integrated to the European Union if it does not recognize the independence of a fellow country in the EU? The main requirements for Turkey’s enter to EU are The Copenhagen Criteria, which were introduced in year 1993 at Copenhagen by European Council. These criteria are divided in three main parts Political – stability of institutions which provide democracy, legally consistent state, observance of human and minority rights. Economical – existence of functional market economy, ability to balance with competitive pressures and market processes inside EU. Other obligations – ability to take on obligations which are resulting from membership in EU, including goals of political, economical and monetary union. This means that Turkey must satisfy these requirements in order to join the EU. Although Turkey has made some progressive changes in their constitution and legislative, and these changes were warranted by regular report on Turkey’s progress towards accession created by Commission of the European Communities in October 2004, this report seems to be misr epresented. For instance, the authorities have adopted zero tolerance policy against toward torture but even while torture is now not systematic, these cases reported by various human rights associations still occur. Also recent Constitutional amendments and new press law made for increasing press freedoms doesn’t seem to be fair enough. These changes provide only limited progress in freedom of expression. Censorship still remains in some levels and in a number of cases journalist and other citizens expressing non violent opinion continue to be prosecuted. Other issue is freedom of religion, although it is guaranteed by Constitution, non-Muslim religious communities still have difficulties with legal personality, property rights and training of clergy. Gender equality principle has been also changed in Constitution and Civil Code, but the position of women in society is still unsatisfactory. Virginity test is now prohibited but still can be done by court order and also â€Å"honor killings† though it has been prohibited under the sentence of life imprisonment still remain as a major problem. Civil rights of minorities are another problem. Although Turkey has changed the Constitution and Kurds are now allowed to speak, teach and broadcast in their language, the way how it is provided seems to be discriminative. Minority language education is not something that should be permitted, but has to become a right. Also timing and contents of programs in Kurdish are very limited. Other big part is economical situation in Turkey. Despite of all its progresses, Turkey still does not reach the standards of real market economy. The value of GDP on one Turkish inhabitant recounted on purchasing power parity reaches only 27% of EU’s average and Turkey is taking position behind Romania and Bulgaria. Also Turkish government tries to intervene in their economy in order to lower the inflation which in despite of this already reaches high values. Although the rate of Turkish unemployment is not much bigger then in other states of union, the employment of women is alarming, it is 50% less then in EU. Also the national debt is about 90% of its GDP and this cause that the Turkey is one of the most indebted countries of the world. Therefore we can suppose that even second part of Copenhagen Criteria was not satisfied. Last issue is obligations that Turkey must take in order to join the EU. Though Turkey’s alignment has progressed in many areas, it still remain s at an early stage for most chapters. For example no changes have been made concerning free movement of persons and workers. There are still remaining restrictions regarding nationality, residence and language, and also problems with recognition of academic diplomas and professional qualifications. Next problem is concerning freedom to provide services, where some changes took place, but only for financial services and except for insurance. Non-financial services are still bounded by market access restrictions which are excluding foreigners from the market. And with certain services, Turkish legislation goes even further, barring them from being provided by foreign nationals even if the company they represent is established in Turkey. Also free movement of capital is limited. Foreigners are restricted to make an investment even if improvements in this area would contribute to facilitate inflow of foreigner direct investment. Even the issue of transport seems to have its other diffi culties. Though some modifications were made there, especially maritime transport remains as major problem. Turkey is still on the black list of the secretariat of the Paris Memorandum of understanding on Port State controls for its higher rate of detention ships. Cypriot ships or ships that have landed in Cyprus are still not allowed to enter the Turkish ports. In summary we can say that on the first look, Turkey nearly fulfilled the Copenhagen criteria, but if we look more deeply we find out that recent changes in constitution and legislative are superficial. Turkey took these changes just for satisfying the EU, but the situation in the state remains same as before. Therefore we can suppose that Turkey is not willing to make a real progress in order to become an equal member of the European Union. The Cyprus issue is a typical international problem of invasion and occupation of one Member-state of the UN by another, namely Turkey. Twenty-three years after the Turkish invasion and defying a series of U.N. Resolutions, Turkey refuses to withdraw its occupation forces. At present, more than 35.000 Turkish troops are illegally stationed in the northern part of Cyprus, which is characterized by the Secretary General of the U.N., as one of the most highly militarized areas in the world. Also, The Cyprus issue is a flagrant case of continued mass violations of basic human rights and freedoms by Turkey, in breach of the purposes and principles of the U.N. Charter and major international instruments in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Numerous Resolutions of the U.N., including those of the General Assembly, the Security Council, and the Commission on Human Rights, the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination have been adopted over these 24 years, conc erning all aspects of violations of human rights in Cyprus. Turkey has failed to comply with any of them. The nearly 200.000 Greek Cypriots (40 % of the total number of Greek Cypriots in 1974) who were forcibly expelled from their homes by the Turkish invading forces in 1974 are still being prevented from returning there and are refugees in their own country. They continue to be arbitrarily deprived of their homes and property in the occupied area, which are gradually being illegally distributed by the Denktash regime to other persons, such as members of the Turkish occupation army and settlers form mainland Turkey. Finally, while the continued occupation of 37% of Cyprus by Turkey is an international issue and not a bilateral problem between Greece and Turkey, it puts a very severe strain in Greco-Turkish relations. A just viable solution of the problems caused by the 1974 invasion would lead to a substantial improvement in relations between Greece and Turkey. It would also remove a major obstacle to the further strengthening of Turkeys relations with the E.U. 24 years after Turkey invaded and occupied 37% of Cyprus, turning over 200.000 of its inhabitants into refugees, the problems created by the Turkish invasion remains unsolved. The end of the Cold War marked the beginning of a new era, in which respect and cooperation between nations, commitment to human rights, democracy and the rule of law are recognized as being of capital importance. Within this new environment, the Cyprus issue is not only a glaring anachronism but also continues to be a factor of potential instability in the South-Eastern Mediterranean. Hence, besides a moral obligation, the international community has an additional reason to contribute to the efforts for a just and viable solution. At least 15 percent of Turkeys population consists of ethnic and religious minorities. Turkeys Constitution provides a single nationality designation for all Turks and thus does not recognize ethnic gro ups as national, racial, or ethnic minorities. Citizens of Kurdish origin constituted a large ethnic and linguistic group. Millions of the countrys citizens identified themselves as Kurds and spoke Kurdish. Kurds who publicly or politically asserted their Kurdish identity or publicly espoused using Kurdish in the public domain risked public censure, harassment, or prosecution. However, Kurds who were long-term residents in industrialized cities in the west were in many cases assimilated into the political, economic, and social life of the nation, and much intermarriage has occurred over many generations. Kurds migrating westward (including those displaced by the conflict in the southeast) brought with them their culture and village identity, but often little education and few skills. As part of its fight against the PKK, the Government forcibly displaced noncombatants, failed to resolve extrajudicial killings, tortured civilians, and abridged freedom of expression. The PKK committed widespread abuses, including the frequent murder of noncombatants, as part of its terrorism against the Government and civilians, mostly Kurds. Estimates of the total number of villagers forcibly evacuated from their homes since the conflict began vary widely from 330,000 to 2 million. A credible estimate given by a former Member of Parliament from the region is around 560,000. The initiation of armed insurrection by the Kurdistan Workers Party (Partiya Karkere Kurdistan- PKK) in 1984, along with the increasing international media interest in the Kurds of Iraq beginning in the mid-1980s, compelled some members of Turkeys political elite to question government policy toward the countrys Kurdish population. Turgut Ozal, who became prime minister in 1983 and president in 1989, broke the official taboo on using the term Kurd by referring publicly to the people of eastern Anatolia as Kurds. Subsequently, independent Turkish newspapers began using the term and discussing the political an d economic problems in the eleven predominantly Kurdish provinces. In 1991 Ozal supported a bill that revoked the ban on the use of Kurdish and possession of materials in Kurdish. I think that human rights are the biggest issue why Europeans don’t want Turkey to enter the European Union. How should we allow entering EU a country which doesn’t support human rights? As we know Turkish people had a lot of time to change almost 20 years. And I think it is not possible to change the mentality of a nation, only if all individuals in this nation want to change their way of life. In Turkey, individuals don’t have a right to discuss the human rights; it is still limited freedom of speech and press. The Government, particularly the police and judges, limited freedom of expression through the use of constitutional restrictions and numerous laws as Penal Code articles 312 (incitement to racial, ethnic, or religious enmity); 159 (insulting Parliament, the army, republic, or judiciary) and 160 (insulting the Turkish Republic). Individuals can not criticize the Government publicly without fear of reprisal. Government continue to restrict expression by i ndividuals sympathetic to some religious, political, and Kurdish nationalist or cultural viewpoints. People who have active debates on human rights and government policies, and particularly on issues relating to the countrys EU membership process, the role of the military, Islam, political Islam, and the question of Turks of Kurdish origin as minorities; these people risk by wrote or spoke out on such topics prosecution. Here are some examples what can happend to anybody in Turkey for freedom speech and using other language as Turkish. Parliamentary candidate Ruknettin Hakan was for 6 months imprisonment for making propaganda speeches in a language other than Turkish. Other case is, when authorities arrested and indicted teacher Hulya Akpinar for comments she made during a conference on the alleged genocide of Armenians under the Ottoman Empire. Prosecutors charged other six teachers for following Akpinar out of the conference. Akpinar was temporarily dismissed from duty following her arrest. According to â€Å"Reporters Without Borders†, four journalists were in jail at the end of 2002 for speech violations. The Committee to Protect Journalists claimed there were 13 journalists in prison at the end of 2002. According to the Government, there were no journalists held on speech violations in either 2002 or the reporting period, although at years end, there were 34 prisoners claiming to be journalists who were charged with a variety of crimes. The different figures reflected disagreement over which prisoners were legitimate journalists, and which were jailed for carrying out their journalistic duties. How we can see Turkey does not make any progress in issue of freedom of speech. So, how Turkey can become part of EU when they do not have the most important human right as it is freedom of speech. Other problem in Turkey is problem with Kurdish and their language. It was a lot of cases when people were rested and had problems just because of using this lan guage. The law allows broadcasts in the traditional languages of the country, other than Turkish, including Kurdish. But there are some regulations of using Kurdish language and so it is set strict time limits on such broadcasts as 45 minutes per day, 4 hours per week on radio and 30 minutes per day, 2 hours per week on television. There is also regulations which require that non-Turkish radio programs have to be followed by the same program in Turkish and that non-Turkish television programs have to have Turkish subtitles. Also parliament passed legislation to establish of language courses teaching traditional non-Turkish languages. But local authorities had not given permission for any such courses to open. On south-east has found that Kurdish language education is high and in spite of it there was closure of all 7 of the area private language schools. Governments said that it was because of lack of interest from students and for failing to provide adequate legislative and materia l support to enable the school survive. Also there was some actions, of police harassment, were taken against the pro-Kurdish DEHAP party. Police arrest DEHAP Chairman Tuncer Bakirhan and singer Haluk Levent, and six others in connection with a concert in Germany during a Kurdish cultural festival. Concert participants reportedly displayed KADEK-related pictures and banners; authorities charged the detainees with separatist propaganda. There is also Kurdish Human Rights Project (KHRP) and non-government organization which is independent voluntary association of people acting together on a continuous basis, for some common purpose, other than achieving government office, making money or illegal activities. NGO in Turkey says: â€Å"Every single day we receive a petition from Kurdish people who have been forcibly removed from their land, whose relatives disappeared or have been killed, or who have been tortured.â€Å" Here is other example why Turkey should not enter the EU: Turkish people and government can live with other nation then theirs, they limit Kurdish people and they my start limited European countries and nation after enter the European Union. I conclusion, based on the facts given in our essay, we assume that the entering of Turkey to the European Union would be only a loss for the EU and therefore it is undesirable. The main obstacles are still human rights and the attitude towards the Kurds and Cyprus. In addition, Turkey does not meet the basic requirements given to them by Copenhagen. Moreover, the membership of Turkey could endanger the economical and political consistency of the Union, cause extremely high migration into the Western Europe and cause crime problems. Reference: timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,13509-1804495_3,00.html, unicef.org/turkey/sy16/gm15.html icgg.org/downloads/CPI_2005.xls cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tu.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4419100.stm bertelsmann-transformation-index.de/147.0.html http://petulina.webzdarma.cz/eu/creu-priprava.php http://shop.ceps.be/BookDetail.php?item_id=1104 eutcc.org/articles/1/index.ehtml http://eu.eportal.cz/modules.php?name=Newsfile=articlesid=410 Research Papers on Turkey and the European Union - Political SciencePETSTEL analysis of IndiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationBringing Democracy to AfricaDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWQuebec and CanadaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

How to Tackle the 2015-16 Common Application Essay Prompts - The Essay Expert

How to Tackle the 2015-16 Common Application Essay Prompts - The Essay Expert In preparation for a TV interview on Channel 3000 last summer, I researched the new Common Application Essay questions. Somehow I got it into my head that I had already written about them since I had researched them. But in actuality, I did not share these new topics on my blog! Now that it’s college application season, I am really and truly sharing the Common Application Essay Prompts for 2015-2016. These new college essay prompts, on which I’ve commented below, were crafted based on survey results from almost 6,000 people who were members and constituents of the Common Application organization. The parts that changed from last year are in italics: Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it.  If this sounds like you, then please share your story. (Previous prompt: â€Å"Some students have a background or story that is so central to their identity that they believe their application would be incomplete without it†¦.†) I like that â€Å"identity, interest, and talent† were added as options and that the words â€Å"so central to your identity† were replaced with â€Å"meaningful.† These changes open up the question to a broader range of possible responses, and frankly take some pressure off. Not every applicant has a background that they consider â€Å"so central to their identity that they believe their application would be incomplete without it.† But just about everyone has something in their life that’s meaningful enough to be important to share with the admissions committee. The lessons we take from failure can be fundamental to later success. Recount an incident or time when you experienced failure. How did it affect you, and what did you learn from the experience? (First sentence was added to prompt.) Honestly, I don’t love this addition. To me it’s too handholding and should be clear to any student writing an essay about failure. Perhaps schools were not getting enough essays that showed how students applied the lessons they learned from their failures? But I would think a student’s approach to this essay would be one of the aspects admissions officers would want to consider, without handing a directive to them on a silver platter. Reflect on a time when you challenged a belief or idea. What prompted you to act? Would you make the same decision again? (No change.) In my experience, this question proves challenging for most high school students. Few youngsters at that age have gone against the grain in a meaningful way. I recall in second grade challenging teachers who were talking during a fire drill, and, in high school, writing an editorial expressing my dislike of the student dress code. Neither was serious fodder for a college essay. Nevertheless, for those debaters and newspaper editors and political activists in the college application pool, answering this prompt might be just the right road to admission. Describe a problem you’ve solved or a problem you’d like to solve. It can be an intellectual challenge, a research query, an ethical dilemma-anything that is of personal importance, no matter the scale. Explain its significance to you and what steps you took or could be taken to identify a solution. (Completely new prompt, replacing this previous one: â€Å"Describe a place or environment where you are perfectly content. What do you do or experience there, and why is it meaningful to you?†) I like this change a lot! The previous question was fairly bland and presented a difficult writing challenge, with no obvious opportunity to show growth. The new question, in contrast, provides an exciting opportunity for students to display their intellectual prowess or emotional intelligence. Discuss an accomplishment or event, formal or informal, that marked your transition from childhood to adulthood within your culture, community, or family. (No change.) This might be the prompt to go or be changed significantly in 2016-17. Can you imagine thousands of students struggling to find something â€Å"different† to say about their Bar Mitzvah or Eagle Scout project? However, the prompt does offer an opportunity to explore and describe a unique childhood-to-adulthood transition. I remember fondly, for instance, the essay of one of my clients who taught his sister how to ride a bike, going from being annoyed at her wimpiness to owning his teacher role and succeeding in his task. The challenge here is to steer clear of anything clichà ©. That’s my take on the new College Application essays. As for other people’s opinions on these prompts, almost all of those surveyed agreed that the current prompts would generate effective essays on the whole. A slight majority believed the â€Å"story/background† prompt is the most effective, and I agree. In fact, most students could probably answer that question and submit a very effective essay; but there’s value in offering four more ways for students to approach thinking about their unique offerings and how to talk about their lives in 650 words. Note that very few participants in the survey wanted the â€Å"Topic of Your Choice† topic back. This is understandable since a student could write about pretty much any topic of their choice that’s personal to them and fit it within one of the current essay choices. If your child is applying to college and wants support on writing a great response to the Common Application questions, contact The Essay Expert. Remember, approximately 26% of all college applicants hire an admissions consultant, and your child is in the same pool they are. You might also enjoy some of my other articles about college essays and admissions.

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example Research conducted by Rashad shows that changes in the rate of fertility has occurred in all Arab nations and this change was accepted by Arab nations at a delay as compared to other nations, but the decline has been experienced at a much faster rate as compared to other nations. Rashad asserts that there have been several causes that have contributed heavily towards the slow acceptance of decline in fertility rate among Arab nations and this conforms to the belief that Arab nation and their populations are resistant towards accepting change. In certain nations and people of these fortunate nations experienced fertility decline due to backing of high aspirations and increased opportunities. On the other end, there have been Arab nations that have experienced decline in economic conditions along with issues in creating families have even led to decline in fertility. Socio-economic status of individuals in certain areas has played a motivational role in the acceptance of decline in fer tility at much earlier times as compared to other nations. Acceptance was even driven due to interpretation of Islam which was liberal in nature. People living in certain nations, especially those in the Gulf region experienced slow acceptance of decline because of rational decision making supported with child support programs. Arab nations overall have not been resistant to change, they have experienced differences in accepting change. The researcher asserts that differences in the way change is accepted and adopted in Arab nations and the conditions that drive the changes in the level of fertility in Arab nation is similar and consistent with the changes experienced throughout the world and these findings are dissimilar to the earlier findings of other researchers. This even shows that researchers previously have exaggerated the issue of conformity to culture. The differences in these trends even show that the theories of change that are already in existence have failed to explain the Arab nations case of fertility. On one hand theories are consistent with changes that are developmental and societal in nature, but on the other hand the experience of Arab nations of decline in fertility has taken place under different circumstances. Theories of change of fertility pay emphasis to fertility which is marital in nature, but the case of Arab nation has shown that reduction in the rate of fertility has occurred due to alterations in changes in the frequency of marriages taking place. The researcher further asserts that changes that have already taken place and are continuing to take place as result of changes in the frequency of marriages in Arab nations clearly show that females in the Arab nations are preferring to stay unmarried for a longer period of time and a major percentage of the women population in these regions even accept to stay unmarried throughout their lives. Nations that have experienced highest changes in the timeline of the event of marriage inc lude Libya, Algeria, Syria, Morocco and others. Women in these regions accept to remain unmarried till they reach the age of 30+ and these women account for 10 to 20% of the population of these regions. This has occurred at the same time when the fertility rates of Arab nations are declining, which shows that as marriage rates are delayed and decreased, women are decreasing their involvement in the act of childrearing. This has resulted in

Secondary data exercise Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Secondary data exercise - Case Study Example In recent corporate history, if there is one company which had demonstrated exemplary leadership and admirable resilience, to pull back itself from an imminent collapse, it could be none other than Marks & Spencer, the Retail Stores legend of the UK. The main plank on which it staked its entire hope was its compelling and convincing advertisement strategy. When the decline was confirmed and could not be ignored any more, the company under the guidance of Sir Stuart Rose as its new chairman decided to take the bull by the horn. How it girdled up its loin and strained every nerve to successfully tide over crisis after crisis, is an interesting corporate story. 2. Analysis for the causes, and drafting the remedial measures: An objective analysis brought out the following serious anomalies staring at the face of M&S, (the later shorter logo version of Marks &Spencer): sales were steadily dwindling (the worst was during 2004-2006), customers were slowly moving away since their preferences and what M&S offered didn't match very often, customer service offered by M&S was below par and competitor pressure was mounting. Now the company had very little option. They had to undertake damage-control measures quickly to restore the sagging confidence of even their most loyal customers. Strategic planning and supportive ad campaign came to their rescue, and once they stabilised their standing, then there was no looking back at all. They concentrated more on Communication Strategy to woo the customers back to their showrooms. The advertisement campaigns occupied the prime spot in the marketing communication activities. 3. What is advertising and its significance: What it can do and what it cannot do : Advertising is the core element of any marketing communication which aims to connect the business with its customers. "Advertising can be defined as any paid form of non-personal presentation and communication through mass media. The main aim of advertising is to sell to a wide mix of consumers and also to induce repeat purchases". Again " the main objectives of advertising are creating awareness about a product or store, create a desire to want a product, to communicate the store's policy on various issues, to help in repositioning of the store in the mind of the consumer and to increase the sales of specific categories or to generate short term cash flow by way of a sale, bargain offers or clearance sales. Advertisement can also help in reinforcing the retailer's corporate identity."1 (Swapna Pradhan, 2007) This aspect of recreating the retailer's corporate identity and repositioning the store in th e minds of the consumers weighed heavily with M&S management who decided to launch a dynamic drive into the consumers private preferences in an effective manner. But they were also aware of the limitations of a mere advertisement campaign alone . Primarily communication is used to inform the customers about the retailer, the merchandise and the services. Beyond that it could achieve pretty little of any worth. "It is believed that every brand contact delivers an impression that can strengthen or weaken the consumer's view of the company."2 ( Philip Kotler). So they decided to adequately back it up with a lot of image booster as well as